London – Natural History Museum

The Natural History Museum in London is a natural history museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history. It is one of three major museums on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, the others being the Science Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum. The Natural History Museum’s main frontage, however, is on Cromwell Road.

The museum is home to life and earth science specimens comprising some 80 million items within five main collections: botany, entomology, mineralogy, palaeontology and zoology. The museum is a centre of research specialising in taxonomy, identification and conservation. Given the age of the institution, many of the collections have great historical as well as scientific value, such as specimens collected by Charles Darwin. The museum is particularly famous for its exhibition of dinosaur skeletons and ornate architecture—sometimes dubbed a cathedral of nature—both exemplified by the large Diplodocus cast that dominated the vaulted central hall before it was replaced in 2017 with the skeleton of a blue whale hanging from the ceiling. The Natural History Museum Library contains extensive books, journals, manuscripts, and artwork collections linked to the work and research of the scientific departments; access to the library is by appointment only. The museum is recognised as the pre-eminent centre of natural history and research of related fields in the world.

Although commonly referred to as the Natural History Museum, it was officially known as British Museum (Natural History) until 1992, despite legal separation from the British Museum itself in 1963. Originating from collections within the British Museum, the landmark Alfred Waterhouse building was built and opened by 1881 and later incorporated the Geological Museum. The Darwin Centre is a more recent addition, partly designed as a modern facility for storing the valuable collections.

Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, the Natural History Museum does not charge an admission fee. The museum is an exempt charity and a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, is a patron of the museum. There are approximately 850 staff at the museum. The two largest strategic groups are the Public Engagement Group and Science Group.

History

Early history

The foundation of the collection was that of the Ulster doctor Sir Hans Sloane (1660–1753), who allowed his significant collections to be purchased by the British Government at a price well below their market value at the time. This purchase was funded by a lottery. Sloane’s collection, which included dried plants, and animal and human skeletons, was initially housed in Montagu House, Bloomsbury, in 1756, which was the home of the British Museum.

Most of the Sloane collection had disappeared by the early decades of the nineteenth century. Dr George Shaw (Keeper of Natural History 1806–1813) sold many specimens to the Royal College of Surgeons and had periodic cremations of material in the grounds of the museum. His successors also applied to the trustees for permission to destroy decayed specimens. In 1833, the Annual Report states that, of the 5,500 insects listed in the Sloane catalogue, none remained. The inability of the natural history departments to conserve its specimens became notorious: the Treasury refused to entrust it with specimens collected at the government’s expense. Appointments of staff were bedevilled by gentlemanly favouritism; in 1862 a nephew of the mistress of a Trustee was appointed Entomological Assistant despite not knowing the difference between a butterfly and a moth.

J. E. Gray (Keeper of Zoology 1840–1874) complained of the incidence of mental illness amongst staff: George Shaw threatened to put his foot on any shell not in the 12th edition of Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae; another had removed all the labels and registration numbers from entomological cases arranged by a rival. The huge collection of the conchologist Hugh Cuming was acquired by the museum, and Gray’s own wife had carried the open trays across the courtyard in a gale: all the labels blew away. That collection is said never to have recovered.

The Principal Librarian at the time was Antonio Panizzi; his contempt for the natural history departments and for science in general was total. The general public was not encouraged to visit the museum’s natural history exhibits. In 1835 to a Select Committee of Parliament, Sir Henry Ellis said this policy was fully approved by the Principal Librarian and his senior colleagues.

Many of these faults were corrected by the palaeontologist Richard Owen, appointed Superintendent of the natural history departments of the British Museum in 1856. His changes led Bill Bryson to write that "by making the Natural History Museum an institution for everyone, Owen transformed our expectations of what museums are for".

Planning and architecture of new building

Owen saw that the natural history departments needed more space, and that implied a separate building as the British Museum site was limited. Land in South Kensington was purchased, and in 1864 a competition was held to design the new museum. The winning entry was submitted by the civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke, who died shortly afterwards. The scheme was taken over by Alfred Waterhouse who substantially revised the agreed plans, and designed the façades in his own idiosyncratic Romanesque style which was inspired by his frequent visits to the Continent. The original plans included wings on either side of the main building, but these plans were soon abandoned for budgetary reasons. The space these would have occupied are now taken by the Earth Galleries and Darwin Centre.

Work began in 1873 and was completed in 1880. The new museum opened in 1881, although the move from the old museum was not fully completed until 1883.

Both the interiors and exteriors of the Waterhouse building make extensive use of architectural terracotta tiles to resist the sooty atmosphere of Victorian London, manufactured by the Tamworth-based company of Gibbs and Canning Limited. The tiles and bricks feature many relief sculptures of flora and fauna, with living and extinct species featured within the west and east wings respectively. This explicit separation was at the request of Owen, and has been seen as a statement of his contemporary rebuttal of Darwin’s attempt to link present species with past through the theory of natural selection. Though Waterhouse slipped in a few anomalies, such as bats amongst the extinct animals and a fossil ammonite with the living species. The sculptures were produced from clay models by a French sculptor based in London, M Dujardin, working to drawings prepared by the architect.

The central axis of the museum is aligned with the tower of Imperial College London (formerly the Imperial Institute) and the Royal Albert Hall and Albert Memorial further north. These all form part of the complex known colloquially as Albertopolis.

Separation from the British Museum

Even after the opening, the Natural History Museum legally remained a department of the British Museum with the formal name British Museum (Natural History), usually abbreviated in the scientific literature as B.M.(N.H.). A petition to the Chancellor of the Exchequer was made in 1866, signed by the heads of the Royal, Linnean and Zoological societies as well as naturalists including Darwin, Wallace and Huxley, asking that the museum gain independence from the board of the British Museum, and heated discussions on the matter continued for nearly one hundred years. Finally, with the passing of the British Museum Act 1963, the British Museum (Natural History) became an independent museum with its own board of trustees, although – despite a proposed amendment to the act in the House of Lords – the former name was retained. In 1989 the museum publicly re-branded itself as the Natural History Museum and stopped using the title British Museum (Natural History) on its advertising and its books for general readers. Only with the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 did the museum’s formal title finally change to the Natural History Museum.

Major specimens and exhibits

One of the most famous and certainly most prominent of the exhibits—nicknamed "Dippy"—is a 105-foot (32 m)-long replica of a Diplodocus carnegii skeleton which was on display for many years within the central hall. The cast was given as a gift by the Scottish-American industrialist Andrew Carnegie, after a discussion with King Edward VII, then a keen trustee of the British Museum. Carnegie paid £2,000 for the casting, copying the original held at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. The pieces were sent to London in 36 crates, and on 12 May 1905, the exhibit was unveiled to great public and media interest. The real fossil had yet to be mounted, as the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh was still being constructed to house it. As word of Dippy spread, Mr Carnegie paid to have additional copies made for display in most major European capitals and in Central and South America, making Dippy the most-viewed dinosaur skeleton in the world. The dinosaur quickly became an iconic representation of the museum, and has featured in many cartoons and other media, including the 1975 Disney comedy One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing. After 112 years on display at the museum, the dinosaur replica was removed in early 2017 to be replaced by the actual skeleton of a young blue whale, a 128-year-old skeleton nicknamed "Hope". Dippy went on a tour of various British museums starting in 2018 and concluding in 2020 at Norwich Cathedral.

The blue whale skeleton, Hope, that has replaced Dippy, is another prominent display in the museum. The display of the skeleton, some 82 feet (25 m) long and weighing 4.5 tonnes, was only made possible in 1934 with the building of the New Whale Hall (now the Mammals (blue whale model) gallery). The whale had been in storage for 42 years since its stranding on sandbanks at the mouth of Wexford Harbour, Ireland in March 1891 after being injured by whalers.[ At this time, it was first displayed in the Mammals (blue whale model) gallery, but now takes pride of place in the museum’s Hintze Hall. Discussion of the idea of a life-sized model also began around 1934, and work was undertaken within the Whale Hall itself. Since taking a cast of such a large animal was deemed prohibitively expensive, scale models were used to meticulously piece the structure together. During construction, workmen left a trapdoor within the whale’s stomach, which they would use for surreptitious cigarette breaks. Before the door was closed and sealed forever, some coins and a telephone directory were placed inside—this soon growing to an urban myth that a time capsule was left inside. The work was completed—entirely within the hall and in view of the public—in 1938. At the time it was the largest such model in the world, at 92 feet (28 m) in length. The construction details were later borrowed by several American museums, who scaled the plans further. The work involved in removing Dippy and replacing it with Hope was documented in a BBC Television special, Horizon: Dippy and the Whale, narrated by David Attenborough, which was first broadcast on BBC Two on 13 July 2017, the day before Hope was unveiled for public display-

The Darwin Centre is host to Archie, an 8.62-metre-long giant squid taken alive in a fishing net near the Falkland Islands in 2004. The squid is not on general display, but stored in the large tank room in the basement of the Phase 1 building. It is possible for members of the public to visit and view non-exhibited items behind the scenes for a fee by booking onto one of the several Spirit Collection Tours offered daily. On arrival at the museum, the specimen was immediately frozen while preparations commenced for its permanent storage. Since few complete and reasonably fresh examples of the species exist, "wet storage" was chosen, leaving the squid undissected. A 9.45-metre acrylic tank was constructed (by the same team that provide tanks to Damien Hirst), and the body preserved using a mixture of formalin and saline solution.

The museum holds the remains and bones of the "River Thames whale", a northern bottlenose whale that lost its way on 20 January 2006 and swam into the Thames. Although primarily used for research purposes, and held at the museum’s storage site at Wandsworth.

Dinocochlea, one of the longer-standing mysteries of paleontology (originally thought to be a giant gastropod shell, then a coprolite, and now a concretion of a worm’s tunnel), has been part of the collection since its discovery in 1921.

The museum keeps a wildlife garden on its west lawn, on which a potentially new species of insect resembling Arocatus roeselii was discovered in 2007.

In popular culture

The museum is a prominent setting in Charlie Fletcher’s children’s book trilogy about "unLondon" called Stoneheart. George Chapman, the hero, sneaks outside when punished on a school trip; he breaks off a small dragon’s stone head from a relief and is chased by a pterodactyl, which comes to life from a statue on the roof.

The museum is the primary setting for Rattle His Bones, the eighth Daisy Dalrymple Mystery by Carola Dunn. The story revolves around a murder and jewel theft occurring during the time Daisy Dalrymple is writing a story about the museum for an American publisher.

The museum plays an important role in the 1975 London-based Disney live-action feature One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing; the eponymous skeleton is stolen from the museum, and a group of intrepid nannies hide inside the mouth of the museum’s blue whale model (in fact a specially created prop – the nannies peer out from behind the whale’s teeth, but a blue whale is a baleen whale and has no teeth). Additionally, the film is set in the 1920s, before the blue whale model was built.

The museum features on ‘School Trip’, an episode of The Sooty Show.

The museum appears on The Lost World when Professor Challenger leads a scientific expedition to the Amazon River to find a hidden plateau where dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and apemen survive.

The museum features as a base for Prodigium, a secret society which studies and fights monsters, first appearing on The Mummy.

In the 2014 film Paddington, Millicent Clyde is a devious and trecherous taxidermist at the museum. She kidnaps Paddington, intending to kill and stuff him, but is thwarted by the Brown family after scenes involving chases inside and on the roof of the building.

In the first episode of the third season of the TV series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016), the main character, Vanessa Ives (Eva Green), visits the museum after her psychotherapist tells her to "go somewhere different". There, she meets Dr. Alexander Sweet (Christian Camargo), who is a zoologist and the Director of Zoological Studies. The museum is frequently seen in the following episodes as Vanessa and Dr. Sweet’s relationship flourishes.

Andy Day’s CBeebies shows, Andy’s Dinosaur Adventures and Andy’s Prehistoric Adventures are filmed in the Natural History Museum.

The façade and front steps of the museum appeared in the first part of the Marvel Studios 2021 movie Eternals. Gemma Chan’s character Sersi entered the museum followed by internal shots of the whale and statue of Charles Darwin as she passed through the main hall.

The museum was site of the first Pit Stop on The Amazing Race 33.

(Wikipedia)

Das Natural History Museum (deutsch Naturhistorisches Museum) in London ist eines der größten naturhistorischen Museen der Welt.

Es befindet sich als eines von drei Museen der Exhibition Road im Londoner Stadtteil South Kensington. Es ist in einem Gebäude im romanisch-byzantinischen Stil aus dem Jahre 1860 untergebracht. Das Museum stellt gemeinsam mit dem Geologischen Museum aus, will die Zusammenhänge in der Natur deutlich machen und zeigen, wie die Menschen von den Ressourcen der Erde abhängen.

Traditionell gewährt das Museum den Besuchern (bis auf einige Sonderausstellungen) freien Eintritt. Jährlich besuchen ca. 5 Millionen Menschen das Museum.

Geschichte

Als das Museum (Natural History Museum) am 18. April 1881 eröffnet wurde, war es ein Teil des Britischen Museums und trug offiziell die Bezeichnung British Museum (Natural History).[1] Einige Ausstellungsstücke stammen aus berühmten Sammlungen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die naturkundliche Sammlung des Physikers und Kuriositätensammlers Sir Hans Sloane, die er im Jahre 1753 der britischen Nation hinterließ, bildete den Grundstock des British Museum. Dort sind noch heute, vor allem in den Räumen der Ausstellung zum Zeitalter der Aufklärung im 18. Jahrhundert (Enlightment Galleries), Einzelstücke aus Sloanes Sammlung zu sehen. Als dem British Museum weitere bedeutende naturkundliche Sammlungen vermacht wurden, darunter die Sammlung, die der Botaniker Joseph Banks von seiner Reise 1768–1771 mit Kapitän James Cook auf HMS Endeavour mitgebracht hatte, reichten die Räumlichkeiten nicht aus, diese zu zeigen. Der Zoologe und Paläontologe Sir Richard Owen (1804–1892), Leiter der naturkundlichen Abteilung des British Museum, überzeugte die Regierung von der Notwendigkeit eines neuen Gebäudes. Er verfolgte den ehrgeizigen Plan, die verschiedenen Spezies in verwandten Gruppen zu zeigen und typische Vertreter mit charakteristischen Merkmalen auszustellen.

Den Architektenwettbewerb gewann der Architekt Kapitän Francis Fowke. Als dieser im Jahre 1865 starb, wurde der Vertrag an den jungen Architekten Alfred Waterhouse aus Manchester vergeben. Waterhouse änderte Fowkes Entwurf vom Stil der Renaissance zur Neoromanik (angelehnt an die Dombauten der deutschen Romanik) und schuf das Waterhouse-Gebäude in seiner heutigen Gestalt. 1883 waren die Mineralogie und die naturhistorischen Sammlungen an ihrem heutigen Platz. Erst 1963 erhielten die Sammlungen den offiziellen Status als eigenständiges Museum. 1988 wurde eine Verbindung zum Geologischen Museum geschaffen und die beiden Museen vereint.

Ausstellungsstücke und Attraktionen

Das Museum beherbergt etwa 70 Millionen verschiedene Objekte, darunter zahlreiche Dinosaurierskelette, Fossilien (unter ihnen ein Archaeopteryx), Ausstellungsstücke aus der Flora und Fauna, etwa das 30 Meter lange Skelett eines Blauwals oder das Modell des um 1690 ausgestorbenen Dodo. Außerdem ist hier, in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Geologischen Museum, die größte Meteoritensammlung der Welt untergebracht. In den „Earth Galleries“ wird die Entstehung der Erde gezeigt. Man kann ganz gefahrlos einen simulierten Vulkanausbruch oder ein Erdbeben miterleben. Eine der größten Attraktionen des Museums ist der Tyrannosaurus rex, ein Roboter, der sich lebensecht verhält und nach den Besuchern schnappt und brüllt.

Earth Galleries

Die Earth Galleries (Ausstellungen über die Erde) in den oberen Stockwerken erreicht man über eine Rolltreppe, die durch eine gigantische Nachbildung unserer Erde führt. Dargestellt wird der Einfluss des Menschen auf die Erde, um ein Nachdenken in Richtung einer nachhaltigen Nutzung anzuregen. Vom Urknall bis in die Zukunft der Erde wird entlang eines Zeitstrahls ein weiter Bogen geschlagen. Mineralien, Erze und Gesteine werden in ihren Formen gezeigt und in ihrem Nutzen für den Menschen dargestellt. Die Naturgewalten werden anhand der Beispiele eines Erdbebens und eines Vulkanausbruchs erklärt und teilweise simuliert. Die Bildung des Himalayas und die Entstehung eines Stalagmiten werden erklärt und verbildlicht. Außerdem beherbergt das Museum eine der weltgrößten Meteoritensammlungen und eine Meteoritenausstellung.

Darwin Centre

Im Darwin Centre (Darwin-Zentrum) werden alle bekannten Arten der Erde gesammelt. Bereits der Namensgeber Charles Darwin hat die Anfänge dieser Sammlung angelegt. Von ihm handgeschriebene Etiketten zieren nach wie vor die ersten Stücke der Sammlung. Auch ein Exemplar des Quastenflossers ist hier konserviert. Bisher gab es hier nur die so genannte Feuchtsammlung. Die Gebäude für die Trockensammlung wurden erst im Winter 2008 eröffnet. Wissenschaftler gewähren nach Voranmeldung einen Blick in die Sammlung.

Wildlife Garden

Der Garten ist neben dem Westrasen des Museums. Der Wildlife Garden bietet eine Ruhezone mit tausenden von britischen Pflanzen und Tieren.

Forschung

Die über 300 Wissenschaftler des Museums sind auch heute noch forschend tätig und nehmen – oft im Zusammenhang mit internationalen und interdisziplinären Projekten – an bedeutenden Expeditionen teil. Dabei geht es um die Erweiterung der Sammlungen, die Beschreibung und Klassifizierung neuer Arten, aber auch um die Erforschung globaler Probleme wie der Umweltverschmutzung, der Erhaltung der Artenvielfalt und der Ökosysteme. Auch auf dem Gebiet der Meeresforschung sind die Wissenschaftler des Museums aktiv. International bekannt wurde unter anderem Chris Stringer, einer der führenden Vertreter der sogenannten Out-of-Africa-Theorie zur Stammesgeschichte des modernen Menschen (des Homo sapiens).

(Wikipedia)

Posted by Michael.Kemper on 2022-01-19 19:09:06

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